Oct 5, 2020 · President Trump's COVID-19 Treatment Includes These Drugs. October 05, 2020 6:13 PM. Steve Baragona. FILE - Vials of the drug remdesivir are seen at a hospital in Germany, April 8, 2020. The list ... On Sept. 27, Pfizer said that it was launching a late-phase clinical trial to test whether, in combination with another drug, its oral COVID-19 antiviral can prevent infection with the coronavirus ...Nov 4, 2021 · The antiviral Lagevrio (molnupiravir) is safe and effective at reducing the risk of hospitalisation and death in people with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at increased risk of developing ... The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug.Paxlovid is a swallowable tablet that stops the COVID-19 virus from replicating and progressing to a more severe state. Most recently, the drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults (people 18 and older) who are at high risk for developing severe COVID-19.The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug.Reading time: 1 min (365 words) WHO has recommended two new drugs for COVID-19, providing yet more options for treating the disease. The extent to which these medicines will save lives depends on how widely available and affordable they will be. The first drug, baricitinib, is strongly recommended for patients with severe or critical COVID-19.In February 2020, China approved the use of the antiviral drug favilavir to treat symptoms of COVID-19. The drug was initially developed to treat inflammation in the nose and throat.Mar 30, 2022 · Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, ivermectin that was ... 1. How does Paxlovid work? Paxlovid is an antiviral therapy that consists of two separate medications packaged together. When you take your three-pill dose, two of those pills will be nirmatrelvir, which inhibits a key enzyme that the COVID virus requires in order to make functional virus particles.As the drug target is not under the genetic control of the virus, the virus cannot mutate around it as readily, or at all. The iminosugars will also be antiviral against all variants of this coronavirus, including those for which vaccines are not yet available, and any mutants that might arise naturally or in response to direct acting antiviral drugs, such as protease inhibitors (eg, Paxlovid ...The antiviral Lagevrio (molnupiravir) is safe and effective at reducing the risk of hospitalisation and death in people with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at increased risk of developing ...A separate analysis of PCORnet network outpatient COVID-19 treatment data from January–July 2022 found significant disparities in receipt of COVID-19 treatment by racial and ethnic groups. 21 During April–July 2022, when Paxlovid use was highest, among COVID-19 patients aged ≥20 years, Black patients were prescribed Paxlovid 36% less ...The treatments available for people at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill from COVID-19 are: Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir are antiviral medicines. Sotrovimab is known as a neutralising monoclonal antibody (nMAb). Sotrovimab is recommended if nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) is not suitable.Recommendations for the use of antiviral agents to treat COVID-19 Remdesivir Information on the use of intravenous remdesivir as treatment for COVID-19 Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) Drug interactions and other considerations for the use of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) MolnupiravirThere is strong scientific evidence that antiviral treatment of outpatients at risk for severe COVID-19 reduces their risk of hospitalization and death.; The antiviral drugs nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) and remdesivir (Veklury) are the preferred treatments for eligible adult and pediatric patients who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19.Paxlovid is one of the only antiviral pills to effectively treat COVID-19 symptoms. ... the herbal remedy St. John's Wort, and HIV medications. (A complete list of those drugs starts on page 11 of ...Nov 4, 2021 · The antiviral Lagevrio (molnupiravir) is safe and effective at reducing the risk of hospitalisation and death in people with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at increased risk of developing ... This drug has further been demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) in in vitro screening assays , but failed to offer protection in ZIKV-infected mice . Recently, Caly et al. reported on the antiviral activity of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 . These authors demonstrated that a single ...Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ...Date Update Type Topic ; 5/25/2023: FDA Approves First Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 in Adults. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the oral antiviral Paxlovid ... President Trump's COVID-19 Treatment Includes These Drugs. October 05, 2020 6:13 PM. Steve Baragona. FILE - Vials of the drug remdesivir are seen at a hospital in Germany, April 8, 2020. The list ...Abstract Background New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active agai...- Mayo Clinic COVID-19 drugs: Are there any that work? I've heard several drugs mentioned as possible treatments for COVID-19. What are they and how do they work? Answer From Daniel C. DeSimone, M.D. The FDA has approved an antiviral drug called remdesivir (Veklury) to treat COVID-19 in adults and children who are age 12 and older.The Therapeutic Goods Association also maintains a list of COVID-19 treatments that have been approved for use in Australia. What oral COVID-19 antiviral medicines can people take at home? People with COVID-19 who don’t need oxygen and are not in hospital may be eligible for either Lagevrio or Paxlovid if they meet certain criteria. Lagevrio ...Agreement builds on Pfizer’s comprehensive strategy to work toward equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines and treatments for all people, particularly those living in the poorest parts of the world Agreement will enable qualified sub-licensees to supply countries comprising approximately 53% of the world’s population Interim data from the Phase 2/3 EPIC-HR study demonstrated an 89% reduction ...Griffin says that the development of direct acting drugs was hampered by the initial response to covid-19, which focused on repurposing existing drugs since that was a faster route. “Back in 2020, we had to try and find any antiviral that worked against this virus—that’s why remdesivir and molnupiravir was used, as they had been tried ...Jun 17, 2021 · And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start. To tackle the challenges, we report advanced virtual screening with pre- and postdocking pharmacophore filtering of 6,218 drugs for COVID-19. Notably, 7 out of 38 compounds showed efficacies in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. Three of these were also found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human Calu-3 cells.Antivirals. Antiviral medications help the body fight off harmful viruses. The drugs can ease symptoms and shorten the length of a viral infection. Antivirals also lower the risk of getting or spreading viruses that cause herpes and HIV. One approved antiviral treats the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.Jul 28, 2022 · The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug. Sep 5, 2023 · Paxlovid is an antiviral therapy that consists of two separate medications packaged together. When you take your three-pill dose, two of those pills will be nirmatrelvir, which inhibits a key enzyme that the COVID virus requires in order to make functional virus particles. Sep 1, 2023 · 01595 743 393. NHS Tayside (open from 9am to 4pm Monday to Friday and from 9am to 1pm Saturday and Sunday) 01382 919 477. NHS Western Isles. 01851 601 151. Coronavirus oral antiviral treatments are also being evaluated through a study called PANORAMIC, run by the University of Oxford. Many medications are available to treat COVID-19, including oral treatments like Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir / ritonavir) and Lagevrio (molnupiravir). In late May 2023, the FDA fully approved Paxlovid for COVID-19. It’s the first oral antiviral that is approved to treat the condition. It was previously only available for emergency use. Jun 17, 2021 · And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start. Feb 19, 2016 · Nucleoside viral DNA polymerases are the specific target of a number of antiviral drugs currently used to inhibit viral replication. Most antiviral approved drugs which inhibit a DNA polymerase are nucleoside analogues. They represent the most productive source of antiviral agents. These agents need to be phosphorylated to their active form. demonstrated clinical benefit for the treatment of COVID-19, the Panel recommends against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 (AIIa). See Table 7b for summaries of the key studies that informed the Panel’s recommendation. Drug Availability Ivermectin is not approved or authorized by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 ... Dec 2, 2020 · n engl j med 384;6 nejm.org February 11, 2021 499 Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 no trial lopinavir while they were unable to swal-low. The regimen for interferon (mainly subcuta- Mar 16, 2021 · Antiviral drugs and COVID-19 The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 virus infection is associated with the unavailability of specific drug(s) to combat with this viral infection. To date, nearly 10 million people are infected and about 500,000 people die worldwide due to COVID-19 viral infection. Mar 12, 2020 · In February 2020, China approved the use of the antiviral drug favilavir to treat symptoms of COVID-19. The drug was initially developed to treat inflammation in the nose and throat. Jul 14, 2023 · developing a COVID-19 plan if you test positive to COVID-19. Learn more about oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19. Older Australians and First Nations people. If you test positive for COVID-19, you may be eligible for antiviral treatments if you are: 70 years of age or older, regardless of risk factors and with or without symptoms. Mar 16, 2021 · Antiviral drugs and COVID-19 The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 virus infection is associated with the unavailability of specific drug(s) to combat with this viral infection. To date, nearly 10 million people are infected and about 500,000 people die worldwide due to COVID-19 viral infection. Apr 14, 2021 · Molnupiravir is an easier-to-synthesize, oral drug option that has been found to shorten the duration of infectiousness among people with symptomatic COVID-19. Late-stage clinical testing is under ... Who can and cannot take it. How and when to take it. Side effects. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility. Taking Paxlovid with other medicines and herbal supplements. There is strong scientific evidence that antiviral treatment of outpatients at risk for severe COVID-19 reduces their risk of hospitalization and death.; The antiviral drugs nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) and remdesivir (Veklury) are the preferred treatments for eligible adult and pediatric patients who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19.Credit: NIH/NIAID. Researchers have identified a powerful combination of antivirals to treat COVID-19. Combining the drug brequniar with remdesivir or molnupiravir—both approved by the U.S. Food ...Researchers are studying other potential treatments for COVID-19, including: Antiviral drugs. Researchers are testing the antiviral drugs favipiravir and merimepodib. Studies have found that the combination of lopinavir and ... Anti-inflammatory therapy. Researchers study many anti-inflammatory ... Date Update Type Topic ; 5/25/2023: FDA Approves First Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 in Adults. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the oral antiviral Paxlovid ... Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex.A separate analysis of PCORnet network outpatient COVID-19 treatment data from January–July 2022 found significant disparities in receipt of COVID-19 treatment by racial and ethnic groups. 21 During April–July 2022, when Paxlovid use was highest, among COVID-19 patients aged ≥20 years, Black patients were prescribed Paxlovid 36% less ...Nov 16, 2022 · This section describes trends in the use of COVID-19 medications that have been shown to be effective in lowering risk for severe health outcomes, including COVID-19–related deaths. Data presented are from PCORnet , a network of healthcare facilities that contains electronic health record data for over 30 million people. May 13, 2021 · SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses known as Betacoronavirus in Coronaviridae, first reported late 2019 in China. It has since been circulating world-wide, causing the COVID-19 epidemic with high infectivity and fatality rates. As of the beginning of April 2021, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 130 ... On December 23, 2021, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization to Merck for it's oral antiviral drug Molnupiravir (MD-4482) to treat COVID-19. Molnupiravir is now authorized for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults age 18 years and older, who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19 and for whom alternative COVID ...Today, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 ...demonstrated clinical benefit for the treatment of COVID-19, the Panel recommends against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 (AIIa). See Table 7b for summaries of the key studies that informed the Panel’s recommendation. Drug Availability Ivermectin is not approved or authorized by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 ... Two new oral antiviral medications are available for treatment of COVID-19. Two new antiviral medications, ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid, ie, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) and molnupiravir (Lagevrio), are currently available in the US under emergency use authorization. These 2 drugs are authorized for treatment of patients with mild to ...Mar 30, 2022 · Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, ivermectin that was ... Abstract Background New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active agai...Oral antiviral treatment works by targeting specific proteins on the SARS-CoV-2 virus to prevent efficient virus replication within the host cell. Paxlovid and molnupiravir reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 88% and 30% respectively, in patients at high-risk for severe COVID-19 when started early after symptom onset. Antivirals. Antiviral medications help the body fight off harmful viruses. The drugs can ease symptoms and shorten the length of a viral infection. Antivirals also lower the risk of getting or spreading viruses that cause herpes and HIV. One approved antiviral treats the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.These sections summarize the data on antiviral agents, including remdesivir, ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies. Antivirals, Including Antibody Products | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Dec 16, 2021 · Abstract Background New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active agai... Antiviral medications can help your immune system fight back by helping stop the virus from multiplying your body. This lowers the amount of virus in your body with the goal of you having less severe symptoms and recovering more quickly. Antiviral therapy is not a cure for COVID-19.Antiviral drugs and COVID-19. The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 virus infection is associated with the unavailability of specific drug(s) to combat with this viral infection. To date, nearly 10 million people are infected and about 500,000 people die worldwide due to COVID-19 viral infection.The antiviral that doctors prefer to use to treat certain cases of COVID-19 is a pill called nirmatrelvir-ritonavir ( Paxlovid ). While Paxloid has only received emergency use authorization...COVID-19 antiviral medicines are available to treat eligible people with COVID-19 at home. You must start taking COVID-19 medicines within the first 5 days of becoming unwell with COVID-19. When taken early in your COVID-19 illness, antivirals can help you stay out of hospital. These medicines are free for eligible people within 5 days of their ...Oral antiviral treatment works by targeting specific proteins on the SARS-CoV-2 virus to prevent efficient virus replication within the host cell. Paxlovid and molnupiravir reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 88% and 30% respectively, in patients at high-risk for severe COVID-19 when started early after symptom onset.COVID-19. Pfizer. 3C-like protease inhibitor (Nirmatrelvir) / inhibition of metabolism of nirmatrelvir (ritonavir) Nevirapine. HIV. non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Nitazoxanide. Broad-spectrum antiviral.Many medications are available to treat COVID-19, including oral treatments like Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir / ritonavir) and Lagevrio (molnupiravir). In late May 2023, the FDA fully approved Paxlovid for COVID-19. It’s the first oral antiviral that is approved to treat the condition. It was previously only available for emergency use.Reading time: 1 min (365 words) WHO has recommended two new drugs for COVID-19, providing yet more options for treating the disease. The extent to which these medicines will save lives depends on how widely available and affordable they will be. The first drug, baricitinib, is strongly recommended for patients with severe or critical COVID-19.Antiviral drugs and COVID-19. The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 virus infection is associated with the unavailability of specific drug(s) to combat with this viral infection. To date, nearly 10 million people are infected and about 500,000 people die worldwide due to COVID-19 viral infection.Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. ... scabies). 3 The in vitro antiviral activity of ivermectin has been explored ...Sep 12, 2021 · In a way, COVID-19 is a disease of two stages, says Raymond Schinazi, who develops antiviral drugs at Emory University. During the first stage of the disease, the virus makes copies of itself in ... Aug 31, 2022 · The Swiss company Molecular Partners has developed an antiviral drug for Covid-19, called ensovibep. The drug is a custom-made protein, made up of three sections that can each grab onto a ... Jul 28, 2022 · The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug. Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ...We have now tested these three drugs in various cell lines (VeroE6, Vero76, Caco-2, Calu-3, A549-ACE2, HUH-7, and monocytes) infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses (including MHV and HCoV 229E). The compilation of these results indicated considerable variability in antiviral activity observed across cell lines.The FDA also has approved the rheumatoid arthritis drugs baricitinib (Olumiant) and tocilizumab (Actemra) to treat COVID-19 in some cases. Baricitinib is a pill that seems to work against COVID-19 by reducing inflammation and having antiviral activity. Tocilizumab is an injection.Mar 25, 2022 · As the drug target is not under the genetic control of the virus, the virus cannot mutate around it as readily, or at all. The iminosugars will also be antiviral against all variants of this coronavirus, including those for which vaccines are not yet available, and any mutants that might arise naturally or in response to direct acting antiviral drugs, such as protease inhibitors (eg, Paxlovid ... COVID-19 antiviral medicines are available to treat eligible people with COVID-19 at home. You must start taking COVID-19 medicines within the first 5 days of becoming unwell with COVID-19. When taken early in your COVID-19 illness, antivirals can help you stay out of hospital. These medicines are free for eligible people within 5 days of their ...Jun 17, 2021 · And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start. Apr 22, 2022 · Today, WHO made a strong recommendation for nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, sold under the name Paxlovid, for mild and moderate COVID-19 patients at highest risk of hospital admission, calling it the best therapeutic choice for high-risk patients to date. However, availability, lack of price transparency in bilateral deals made by the producer, and the need for prompt and accurate testing before ... As the drug target is not under the genetic control of the virus, the virus cannot mutate around it as readily, or at all. The iminosugars will also be antiviral against all variants of this coronavirus, including those for which vaccines are not yet available, and any mutants that might arise naturally or in response to direct acting antiviral drugs, such as protease inhibitors (eg, Paxlovid ...A separate analysis of PCORnet network outpatient COVID-19 treatment data from January–July 2022 found significant disparities in receipt of COVID-19 treatment by racial and ethnic groups. 21 During April–July 2022, when Paxlovid use was highest, among COVID-19 patients aged ≥20 years, Black patients were prescribed Paxlovid 36% less ...Types of EUA-authorized Products CDER’s EUA page lists all therapeutic products currently authorized under an EUA, as well as the current product Fact Sheets and additional information for health...May 26, 2023 · To access the Letters of Authorization and Fact Sheets for Healthcare Providers and Patients, Parents, and Caregivers for EUAs for drug and biological products during the COVID-19 pandemic, see ... Antivirals. Antiviral medications help the body fight off harmful viruses. The drugs can ease symptoms and shorten the length of a viral infection. Antivirals also lower the risk of getting or spreading viruses that cause herpes and HIV. One approved antiviral treats the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Feb 28, 2022 · Collection of documents relating to COVID-19 treatments. The NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming ... As the drug target is not under the genetic control of the virus, the virus cannot mutate around it as readily, or at all. The iminosugars will also be antiviral against all variants of this coronavirus, including those for which vaccines are not yet available, and any mutants that might arise naturally or in response to direct acting antiviral drugs, such as protease inhibitors (eg, Paxlovid ...There are currently two oral antiviral pills, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, authorized for emergency use for the treatment of certain patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.
The Panel reviews the most recent clinical data to develop treatment recommendations for clinicians who are caring for patients with COVID-19. Antivirals, Including Antibody Products These sections summarize data on the use of antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19.. Yandr day ahead canada recap
The most plentiful is the antiviral drug remdesivir, sold by Gilead Sciences under the brand name Veklury.First approved by the FDA in 2020 for COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization, Gilead ...There are several FDA-authorized or approved antiviral medications used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in people who are more likely to get very sick. Antiviral treatments target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body, helping to prevent severe illness and death.May 26, 2023 · There is strong scientific evidence that antiviral treatment of outpatients at risk for severe COVID-19 reduces their risk of hospitalization and death.; The antiviral drugs nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) and remdesivir (Veklury) are the preferred treatments for eligible adult and pediatric patients who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19. On Sept. 27, Pfizer said that it was launching a late-phase clinical trial to test whether, in combination with another drug, its oral COVID-19 antiviral can prevent infection with the coronavirus ...Ibuprofen, which is also known by the brand names Advil and Motrin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These types of medications can help lower your fever and minimize muscle aches from COVID-19, while also reducing some inflammation in your body. Ibuprofen doesn’t treat the virus itself, but it can make you feel a lot better.The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug.Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex.COVID-19 therapeutics can be used to prevent or treat eligible non-hospitalized patients who have mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Prevention and early treatment for eligible patients can help improve patient outcomes, reduce stress on healthcare facilities, and even save lives. At this time, Veklury (remdesivir) and Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir ...Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex.Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. ... scabies). 3 The in vitro antiviral activity of ivermectin has been explored ...The antiviral drug remdesivir, for example, is a polymerase inhibitor that works similarly to molnupiravir, and it has been shown to be effective against Covid-19, but it can be administered only ...COVID-19 convalescent plasma with high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with immunosuppressive disease or receiving immunosuppressive ....